苏族圣地
苏族历史
The Santee were the "frontier guardians of the Sioux Nation," that ranged from the
Santee's home in what is currently Minnesota, across the Plains and to the northern
Rocky Mountains in Montana and south through the northwestern part of Nebraska. 四个
bands comprised the Santee division of the Sioux Nation, the Mdewakantonwan, Wahpeton,
塞西顿和瓦佩库特人. 的 Santee Tribe was basically a woodlands tribe, living
in semi-permanent villages and engaging in some farming.
的 Isanti originally lived in the north central part of Minnesota, but the Santee's
defeat by the Chippewas at the Battle of Kathio in the late 1700s forced us to move
去州的南半部. 的 first treaty between the Santee and the government
was signed in 1805, ceding one thousand acres of Santee land in exchange for $2,000.
Fort Snelling, built in 1819, allowed further white settlement contrary to treaty
规范. 的 1837 treaty authorized the Santee cession of all their land east
密西西比河的河流. Lands west of the Mississippi were to be allotted exclusively
给圣诞老人. Altogether, the Santee gave up 35 million acres, the "garden spot
密西西比河流域."
The 1837 treaty also designated a tract of land in southwest Minnesota 给圣诞老人's 预订. Following the treaty negotiations, Congress failed to appropriate the money for the annuity payments due to the tribe, and the government didn't provide the agricultural supplies and implements promised in the treaty. 由于缺席 of game, insufficient means to raise adequate crops, and lack of annuity payments to purchase food and supplies from agency traders, the tribe faced eventual starvation. 的se factors contributed to the paranoia and mistrust felt by both sides as isolated outbreaks of violence occurred between the settlers and renegade bands of the tribe.
的se factors led to the events which triggered the Santee Uprising of 1862. 一个论点 developed between two young Santee men over the courage to steal eggs from a white 农民. 的 test for courage became a dare to kill, ending in the killing of three 白人男子和两名女子. Santee leaders, Little Crow, Medicine Bottle, Shakopee and Big Eagle debated whether to take the offensive against the "bluecoats.“年轻人 men, hungry and cynical, eventually convinced their disillusioned leaders that their 命运不可避免. However, not all Santee participated in the uprising and many of those that did helped white people escape their people's vengeance.
Events following the surrender of the Santee and the release of their white captives 永久玷污美国历史. 亨利·西布里上校，美国陆军司令.S. troops in Minnesota, imprisoned 1,800 Santee. 许多人投降时都相信这一点 they would receive just and fair treatment as promised by the Colonel. 然而,一个 Army commission was formed to prosecute the Santee "conspirators," who were denied 聘请法律顾问. Consequently, over three hundred Santee were sentenced to 死亡. Protest by a handful of concerned missionaries and individuals brought the matter to President Lincoln's attention, who reviewed the cases and commuted all but 39的句子. One additional Santee was granted a reprieve before the scheduled 执行. In December of 1862, thirty-eight Santee were executed in Mankato, Minnesota which is the largest mass 执行 ever carried out by the US government.
Following this, a 预订 site in South Dakota called Crow Creek was selected 给圣诞老人. Two thousand Santee refugees were herded on boats and shipped upstream 到这个新家. 的 tribe suffered over 300 死亡s during the first months at Crow Creek, mostly due to disease and undernourishment.
Recognizing the unfeasibility of making Crow Creek a permanent 预订 site, a reserve in northeastern Nebraska along the Missouri River was finally chosen, and the Santee again moved to a new home in what is presently Knox County. 预订 最初占地115075英亩. Later, in part through the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887, the land was allotted, which significantly reduced the tribe's total 种植面积.
Today, the Santee Sioux Reservation encompasses an area of roughly 9,449 acres. 的 预订 is bordered on the north by the Missouri River and stretches approximately 17 miles to the south and is 13 miles from east to west. 桑蒂村是 located in the northwestern area of the 预订 and borders the river.
的 Santee Normal Training School, established by missionaries in 1870, greatly influenced the development of the tribe during the latter decades of the 19th century. In 1936 the school closed because of insufficient funding.
In spite of severe punishment from the US Government and removal from their traditional homelands in 1862, the Santee Sioux nation continues to strive toward self-determination 通过经济发展和教育. 桑蒂公立学区和 the 内布拉斯加州印第安社区学院 provide education.
